JUAN GRIS OPENS THE DOOR TO THE FUTURE

A few days ago I came across a Graham Green quotation from The Power And The Glory (a novel I liked better when I reread it two summers ago than I did the first time through in high school), which apparently appears frequently in “wise thoughts” lists.

  It reads: "There is always one moment in childhood when the door opens and lets the future in."

       

 Juan Gris


  I wouldn't presume to speak for other people in this regard, but the statement definitely applies to me.  In my case, the moment occurred in the fall of 1968, when I pulled the book Juan Gris by James Thrall Soby from the library shelf at The Gunnery in Washington, Connecticut.  I have no idea why I decided to look at the book and I definitely hadn't planned on the encounter.  Probably, I was just taking a study break and wandering around in the stacks.

   But from the moment I began to look at the picture plates in the book and then to read Soby's text, things began to come into focus for me in ways they hadn’t previously.

Juan Gris, Portrait of Picasso, 1912



  I began to consider Cubist painting (which I was aware of but hadn't previously thought about a lot) very seriously, from its beginnings through the development of the Analytical and Synthetic phases.  Its multi-valent visual and textural viewpoints and rich and appealing subject matter (to a young teenager, studio and café life seemed unbelievably appealing; descriptions of Cubist subjects as “restricted” seem as false to me now as they did then) made the world seem to me strong, logical, and lively -- a place of infinite possibility.

Juan Gris, The Open Window, 1921



   Quickly and sequentially I made entrée into artistic movements related and unrelated to Cubism: contemporary ones like Cubist poetry (Apollinaire, Reverdy, Jacob) and successor ones like Dada, Surrealism (especially Marcel Duchamp's work), opening out into the rest of 20^th century avant-garde visual art, music and dance. In fairly short order, I thought it was crucial to learn all about world art history from the beginning of recorded time to the present and what might be imagined beyond that.

Juan Gris, Jar, Bottle and Glass, 1911



   Duchamp’s disciple John Cage taught me (in his writings) Ananda K. Coomaraswamy's maxim “the function of Art is to imitate Nature in her manner of operation”, which I adopted as a mental and aesthetic touchstone. That and Cage's “silent” piano composition  4’33", as well as Duchamp’s deceptive “career disappearing act” all provided an aesthetic viewpoint implying that art was both a physically “present” thing and event and a transcendent experience and that it was better for artists to be modest and as invisible as possible in their work.

John Cage, 4'33", 1952

 

   This came to mind again this week when a friend posed the question whether it was possible “to express the absence of affect” in a work of art. 

   Trying to cope and deal with such an abstract thought (I’m a lawyer, not a philosopher), initially I found I needed to decide:

               a)  what, if any, difference there might be between “affectless”, which by all dictionary definitions suggests a psychological disorder, and the “absence of affect”;

               b)  how to recognize or at least give examples of the “invisible” quality I just alluded to; and

               c)  whether or not the simple volitional action of “expressing” something nullified the logical possibility of achieving “an absence of affect”. 

   (Thank heavens I am doing this outside an academic and/or commercial publishing context where I’m sure I’d be eviscerated for sloppy thinking, magical thinking, using incorrect terminology or all of the above, undoubtedly in violation of some political canon or social interdiction I’ve somehow missed or neglected to observe.)

   All of which brought me back to Juan Gris, the pseudonym adopted by Jose Vittoriano Gonzales (1887-1927), the Spanish painter who along with Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque is rightly considered one of the three greatest masters of Cubism.  One of the things that immediately attracted me to Gris (apart from the fact that he is clearly a painter of genius) is his absence of affect.  I see this quality in each of the works posted here and it is not a quality, incidentally, that I see in the work of his great friend Picasso, whose work, brilliant and rigorous as it can be, is much “hotter” and more gestural and expressionistic. Personally, I tended to gravitate toward the sort of cerebral quality I found in Gris, whose invented name, which translates as “John Grey” (reminding me of Henry Vincent Yorke’s similar adoption of the very plain “Henry Green” as a nom-de-plume) emphasizes that “non-affect” effect.

Juan Gris, Tablero de Ajedrez, 1917




   Going backwards and forward in time, I detect and am attracted to this quality, which I tend to associate with honesty and piercing intelligence, in works by the Netherlandish  painter Hans Memling (1430-94),  the Spanish master Francisco Goya (1746-1828), the great French painter Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin (1699-1779), Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), the Dutch Neo-Plasticist, the brilliant surrealist Yves Tanguy (1900-55), and surprisingly (some would probably say), in the more recent art (especially the portraiture) of Andy Warhol (1928-87).

Hans Memling, Portrait of A Man, 1470

Francisco Goya, Self-Portrait In Studio, 1795

Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin, La Brioche, 1763



   Naturally,  as I developed,  learned new things and saw more art, my so-called “focus” waxed and waned and things alternately made more and less sense depending on myriad factors.   As my ability to look closely, and possibly see deeply, increased (I had some professional training; I spent time on this and made a real commitment for a while), I began increasingly to notice definite gestural, expressionist aspects in the “absence of affect” works I liked so much and thought were my favorites, as well as moments of intense focus and cerebral stillness in works that formerly seemed seemed wildly active.

Yves Tanguy, The Ribbon of Excess, 1932

Fernand Leger, The City, 1919

Piet Mondrian, Composition No. 1, 1938-9 



   Consequently, what had previously been black-and-white antonyms adopted shades of gray coloring and I fell in love with all kinds of art my original aesthetic lens didn’t allow me to appreciate sufficiently, including the brilliant art of two of Gris' great friends, the unclassifiable (to me) Fernand Leger (1881-1955) and Henri Matisse (1869-1954), who from his earliest Fauvist days was hardly “gris” in his approach.
 
   I relate all this because the Graham Greene quote that opened the piece really affected me when I re-encountered it and made me recall the moment when my personal door to the future opened.  I wound up doing something professionally very different for a living than I ever thought I would, but I think I am still roughly the same person who was formed out of  Juan Gris by James Thrall Soby.

Thank you for listening.

Andy Warhol, Portrait of Tina Chow, 1985

Andy Warhol, Screen Test (Mary Woronov), 1966

Juan Gris, Pierrot, 1921

Juan Gris by James Thrall Soby (New York, Museum of Modern Art, 1958)

MONOCLE

Winona Ryder as Veronica Sawyer in Heathers (1989)


    A monocle is a type of corrective lens used to correct the visual perception in only one eye.  It consists of a circular lens, generally with a wire ring around the circumference, that can be attached to a string.  The other end of the string is then connected to the wearer's clothing to avoid losing the monocle.  


   It was Baron Philipp von Stosch (1691-1757), the important, but controversial Prussian antiquarium, collector and (apparently) spy, who first put the monocle on the fashion map when he wore the device in Rome in the 1720s in order to more closely examine engravings and antique engraved gems.  Stosch's tome, Gemmae Antiquae Caelatae, containing Bernard Picart's engravings reproduced the images of seventy antique carved hardstones, including onyx, jasper and carnelian.  It is still considered an invaluable scholarly resource.

 Edme Bouchardon (1698-1762), Neo-Classical Bust of Baron Philipp von Stosch,  1727, marble, Staatliche Museen, Berlin


    Stosch's collection eventually comprised over 10,000 cameos, intaglios and antique glass pastes.  (Most of these are currently housed in various Berlin museums.)  Like some other "intrepid" collectors throughout history, some of Stosch's acquisitions were obtained through shady methods, as the following story illustrates:


"It was in looking over the royal cabinet of medals that the keeper perceived the loss of one; his place, his pension and his reputation were at stake; and he insisted that Baron Stosch be most minutely examined.  In this dilemma, forced to confession, the erudite collector assured the keeper of the royal cabinet that the strictest search would not avail.  'Alas, sir, I have it here within', he said, pointing to his breast.  An emetic was suggested by the learned practitioner himself, probably from some former experiment."  (From Isaac D'Israeli, Curiosities of Literature, 1791.) 

Giovanni Battista Pozzo,  Cast bronze medal portrait of Baron Phillpp von Stosch at age 26 (1717)


   It was not until the 1790s, however, that the monocle, introduced as a high fashion "dandy's 'quizzing glass'", became a more standard item of gentlemen's apparel.  This set the stage for its greater popularity throughout the nineteenth century.

19th century gold "quizzing glass" monocle


   Like many people, I'm certain, I was intrigued by the monocle immediately upon first viewing. Although that specific event is forever lost in the sands of time, I think it might have been when I saw an encyclopedia  photograph of the famous actor and anti-vivisectionist George Arliss,  the first Brit to win an Academy Award (which he did in the Best Actor category for his portrayal of Disraeli in 1929).  Arliss was a great star and a fine man.  With his monocle in place, he  projected fully the image of the English gentleman. (In a  funny coincidence, Isaac D'Israeli, the source for the Philipp von Stosch anecdote recounted above, was the father of Benjamin Disraeli, the British prime minister so memorably portrayed by George Arliss.) 

 George Arliss (1868-1946)


   Until yesterday I had completely forgotten that Winona Ryder had worn a monocle in some key scenes from Heathers, one of her best movies.  And today, I rediscovered the picture found below of the always impressive and somewhat frightening William Hartnell, appearing as the very first Doctor Who, as well as the strange internet photo of a Japanese girl who posted a plaintive request for someone, anyone to please send her a drawing showing her posing in her monocle.

William Hartnell (1908-75), the first Doctor Who

Female Japanese monocle wearer, 2008 


   My own personal monocle avatar has always been the Romanian-French poet, Tristan Tzara (1896-1963), a principal Dadaist, key early Surrealist, and always a charismatic, inspirational figure.  For me, one look at Tzara (I have provided three below) tells the whole story.   

Tristan Tzara (top two photos); Tristan Tzara, Hans Arp, Max Ernst (bottom photo)


   I used to have a monocle too.  I spent the summer of 1971 on a student summer trip to Paris and when my school, the Paris-American Academy, scheduled a four-day excursion to London, I made it my main purpose to purchase a monocle there.  (I was already under Tzara's spell.)  Someone told me that I would probably be able to find one at the Portobello Road flea market and I was not disappointed, except for the fact that I found the monocle difficult to wear and it made me look ridiculous.  (How did Tristan Tzara manage to look so cool when I looked so uncool?)  I soon placed the monocle in a dresser drawer or a jewelry box and haven't laid eyes on it since the mid-1970s.  


    When we moved into our current house three years ago, I  was finally able to retrieve everything I had placed in storage over the years.  Once again, I seem to physically possess absolutely everything I have ever owned.  I suspect the monocle may be in the attic, no more than 200 feet from where I sit.  I wonder if I will ever see it again?

19th century gold monocle fitted with "gallery" piece for greater comfort.

Mr. Peanut, Antonio Gentile and Unknown Artist, 1916